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Guidelines for Figures and Tables

The primary purpose of figures and tables is to visually present information in a clear, accurate, and accessible manner. High-quality graphics that support understanding are essential for effective communication.

General Guidelines

  • Use figures and tables selectively, only when they clarify or strengthen your argument. Avoid overloading the paper with visuals that add little value.
  • Ensure each graphic is self-explanatory without requiring referencing the main text.
  • Avoid large tables that span across pages. Avoid unnecessary complexity or decorative elements in figures.
  • Include appropriate permissions and citations for reused or adapted graphics.

Typography and Layout

  • Use the same font type, font size, and label style across all graphics.
    • Recommended font size is approximately 9-10 points. 
    • Recommended font types include Helvetica, Times New Roman, Arial, Cambria, and Symbol. 
    • Use bold and italic sparingly for emphasis.
  • Maintain consistent spacing across all graphics.
    • Use consistent padding between elements within figures. 
    • Provide adequate spacing between rows and columns in tables. 
    • Avoid overly tight layouts that compromise readability.
    • Leave sufficient margins around graphics.

Color

  • Avoid excessive use of color or relying solely on color to convey meaning in graphics. 
  • Use high-contrast color combinations for accessibility and readability. 
  • Avoid problematic color combinations (e.g., red-green), which can be difficult for individuals with color vision deficiencies to distinguish.

Labels and Annotations

  • Labels must be concise, consistent, and positioned clearly to avoid ambiguity. 
  • Annotations should be brief, readable, and not clutter the image.

Captions

  • Captions should be clear and concise. 
  • Include definitions of all symbols, abbreviations, or color codes used in the graphic.

Resolution, Size, and File Format

  • Use vector files and high-resolution images to improve the quality of your graphics.
    • >300dpi for color and grayscale graphics.
    • >600dpi for black-and-white line art.
  • Most graphics are sized to be one column width or two columns width.
    • One column width: 3.5 inches, 88.9 millimeters, or 21 picas.
    • Two column width: 7.16 inches, 182 millimeters, or 43 picas.
  • Acceptable file formats include PS, EPS, PDF, PNG, or TIFF.
    • Microsoft Office documents are acceptable only when the graphic was originally drawn in the program. 
    • High-resolution JPEG files are acceptable only for author photos.

Other Useful Resources